Long-term memory (LTM) stores information that has meaning and can hold it for any amount of
time, from 30 seconds to decades. The Peterson task, free recall and a proactive
interference test were used to assess short-term capacity and found this was greatly reduced.
K.F.'s performance on LTM related tasks showed normal LTM. Contrasting discrepancies in STM and
LTM on performance tasks lend strong evidence in support of two separate memory systems.During the
1960's and 1970's much research was conducted to decide whether memory exists along a continuum
or as two separate stores. This article will discuss research and evidence in support of
a unitary memory store and in support of a dichotomous approach. than H.M. In
Hebb's study, participants were given number sequences, just above the short-term memory span, and asked
to immediately recall them. These variables have instead been shown to affect primacy effect.Some
of the strongest evidence in support of separate memory stores comes from amnesia patients. 1963)
to show that when an object is presented a number of times, i.e. When
the serial position of the words was compared with the percentage recall score, the curves
for both groups gave almost identical trends. Melton (1963) used 80 tests, during which
the repeated 9-digit sequence would be intervened by 3, 4, 5 or 8 sequences. 1997)
used the term primary memory and secondary memory to refer to short-term and long-term memory
systems, respectively. This is because the filled delay has resulted in words in short-term
storage being unable to be rehearsed. Melton argued that the ability to use interference
theory to explain reduced retention in STM was evidence that LTM and STM should be
focussed on as a unitary, continuous store. Although Melton and Tzeng provided evidence in
support for a unitary system that was widely accepted by interference theorists at the time,
it has since been assumed that there are two separate stores. The end words
are still available from the STM and so are recalled easily. When the list
is followed by a brief filled delay, the recency effect cannot be seen. rehearsal is
possible, the level of retention is increased. Melton (1963) used the Peterson task devised
by Peterson and Peterson (1859, cited in Melton, A. 1997). 1963) and Ovid nike shox nz Tzeng (1973),
described in this article, provide support in favour of the unitary memory store. Therefore,
the STM would be less disrupted than LTM.Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient, K.F.,
suffering with lesions on his brain. Experimental evidence from Glanzer and Cunitz (1966, cited
in Baddeley, 1997) and Glanzer (1972, cited in Baddeley, 1997) support the approach to separate
stores of memory. Although he was severely impaired in learning new information, his short-term
memory span was intact. This suggests a combination of a defective secondary store and
a normal primary store. Every third sequence was a repeated sequence, unknown to the
participant.It was found that the level of recall of this sequence increased with the number
of trials, showing long-term learning. These curves could be used to conclude that 'the
recency effects...could be attributed to the same long-term processes' (Tzeng, 1973). Glanzer and Cunitz
(1966, cited in Baddeley, 1997) showed, using free recall, that items from the beginning and
end of a list are recalled better than those in the middle. A unitary
store implies that a single system for short-term and long-term memory exists and that they
occur along a continuum. However, if more than one underlying system of memory is
identified with particular tasks, the stores are not necessarily unitary. They are independent of
each other and, although they are able to share information, for example, short-term memories are
transferred to long-term memory, they do not occur across a continuum. He was able
to remember events and experience from early life, such as how to mow a lawn,
but could not learn ongoing experience or remember recent events, such as where he left
the lawnmower. In the 1st condition, the 'initial recall' group, the list was given,
the participant counted backwards from 20 then wrote the words from the list in any
order. This is called the primacy-recency effect and can be simply explained by the
first words being transferred to the LTM and easily retrieved from there during recall.
In condition 2, the 'final recall' group, the participants counted back from 20 after each
word was given then recalled the words at the end of the list. The
recency effect was found in both groups. If memory was chaussures puma unitary, both stores would
be defective and there would not be a difference between the LTM memories of early
life and ongoing experience. Studies by Milner (1966, cited in Baddeley, 1997) and Shallice
and Warrington (1970) of patients with amnesia due to brain damage have provided data that
agrees with the suggestion that separate stores exist.Short-term memory (STM) is a store that holds
a limited amount of information for a limited amount of time, usually a few seconds.
They are able to interact and occur within each other, for example, long-term learning
can occur within short-term memory tasks. It has been suggested that a seemingly normal
STM and defective LTM may be a result of STM tests being easier than LTM
tests. Counting backwards in the final recall group should have transferred the words to
LTM and produced little recency. Waugh and Norman (1965, cited in Baddeley, A.
Interference is the process of a memory trace being disrupted by another and therefore forgetting
or, maybe just alterations, of the disrupted memory trace occurs (Baddeley, A. Up until
this period of time, interference theory had been used to explain forgetting in LTM.
Because repetition decreases as the number of intervening numbers increases, retroactive interference is increased in
the intervening gap. Primary and secondary memories are different to STM and LTM because
they refer to the storage of information, rather than the stores themselves that hold the
information.Melton's study has provided important evidence into a unitary memory store, but many studies since
have provided evidence for separate memory stores. The short-term memory can store information that
has recently been provided, information that has been retrieved from long-term memory or information that
has been recently processed. Four lists of 10 words were used to test free
recall. A dichotomous approach views short-term and long-term memory stores as being separate components.
A double-dissociation is presented between these results and H.M.'s results. H.M could remember
events from early on in his life, but he had severe difficulties with recent memories
and new information. The suggestion that ease of STM and LTM tasks affects the
results in amnesic patients cannot account for these results, as the STM tasks were harder
for K.F. Retroactive interference occurs when a memory is disrupted due to learning more
information during a retention period. Milner (1966, cited in Baddeley, 1997) studied a patient
called H.M who had suffered brain damage after surgery to treat epilepsy. Hence, STM
and LTM can be viewed as a unitary store.It has since been argued that underlying
systems produce the difference in results in different performance tasks. Rehearsal can transfer information
from the short-term to long-term memory store, as long as rehearsal occurs before the information
has been forgotten.Many interference theorists, such as Arthur Melton (1963) claim that STM and LTM
are part of a single continuum, or unitary store. They cannot be transferred to
LTM and so they decay. Donald Hebb (1961, cited in Melton, A. If
the first 10 letters of the alphabet are recalled correctly, as would be expected, short-term
capacity has not suddenly increased as recall would be due to previous long-term knowledge of
the alphabet.Ovid Tzeng (1973) studied the effect of recency in delayed free recall. Probe
recognition and missing scan found that retrieval failure was not the cause of this.
Glanzer (1972, cited in Baddeley, 1997) showed that recency effect is unaffected by many variables
including familiarity and presentation rate of the word, the age of the participant or the
ability to perform other tasks at the same time. Initial recall should have had
a higher recency effect as words should still be available in STM and not transferred
to LTM. These were used to support Hebb's findings and to add support to
the theory of a continuum of memory stores. Studies by Arthur Melton (1963), Donald
Hebb (1961, cited in Melton, A. The free recall showed primacy effect but no
recency effect. His findings were that as repetition increased so did the mean number
of digits correct in recall. 1963) had devised a demonstration that Melton incorporated into his
own study to show evidence of long-term learning in STM. Amnesic patients have provided
outstanding supportive evidence that a duplex exists and, due to a larger quantity and quality
of support for this theory, the idea of a duplex is now largely accepted as
the correct approach to memory stores.For more information on the Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology and
Psychology in general go to http://www.squidoo.com/essentials-of-understanding-psychology.
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